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Swadesh list
The Swadesh list is a classic compilation of basic concepts for the purposes of historical-comparative linguistics. Translations of the Swadesh list into a set of languages allow researchers to quantify the interrelatedness of those languages. The Swadesh list is named after the U.S. linguist Morris Swadesh. It is used in lexicostatistics (the quantitative assessment of the genealogical relatedness of languages) and glottochronology (the dating of language divergence). Because there are several different lists, some authors also refer to "Swadesh lists".
== Versions and authors ==
Swadesh himself created several versions of his list. He started〔Swadesh 1950: 161〕 with a list of 225 meanings, which he reduced to 165 words for the Salish language. In 1952 he published a list of 215 meanings,〔Swadesh 1952: 456–7〕 of which he suggested the removal of 16 for being unclear or not universal, with one added to arrive at 200 words. In 1955〔Swadesh 1955: 125〕 he wrote, "The only solution appears to be a drastic weeding out of the list, in the realization that quality is at least as important as quantity....Even the new list has defects, but they are relatively mild and few in number." After minor corrections, he published his final 100-word list in 1971〔Swadesh 1971: 283〕 and 1972.
Other versions of lexicostatistical test lists were published e.g. by R. B. Lees (1953), John A. Rea (1958:145f), Dell Hymes (1960:6), E. Cross (1964 with 241 concepts), W. J. Samarin (1967:220f), D. Wilson (1969 with 57 meanings), M. L. Bender (1969), R. L. Oswald (1971), W. P. Lehmann (1984:35f), D. Ringe (1992, passim, different versions), S. A. Starostin (1984, passim, different versions), William S. Y. Wang (1994), M. Lohr (2000, 128 meanings in 18 languages). B. Kessler (2002), and many others.
Frequently used, not for any proven quality, but for its electronic availability via the internet, is the version by I. Dyen (1992, 200 meanings of 95 language variants). Since 2010, a team around M. Dunn has tried to update and enhance that list.〔http://ielex.mpi.nl./〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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